# Solar Analytica

> Global solar data intelligence joining resource, climate, grid and market records through versioned methods, explicit limits and figures named to their sources.

Solar Analytica is an energy-data company: evidence-first reports, indices and projections built on public records (NASA, NOAA, AEMO, Ember, retail tariffs), with every figure named to its source and, wherever the source is public, reproducible from it. Three report lines: market data, The Production Climate (a ten-part series on the environmental variables between the sun and the socket), and Market Structures (opening with the quarterly TBx Capture Index of every NEM battery against a perfect-foresight benchmark). A working reference of fault codes and explainers is also hosted here while it migrates to the sibling property wattbench; the browser calculators have completed that move and now live at https://wattbench.ai. Everything is free to read, no login. Content is reviewed for currency (last site-wide review: August 2026).

## Reports and indices
Sourced, evidence-first analysis across market data, the production climate and market structures.
- [Reports hub](https://solaranalytica.com/reports): All reports and indices, three lines
- [The Value of a Kilowatt (interactive)](https://solaranalytica.com/value-of-a-kilowatt): Interactive: climate-modelled yield times local retail tariff across 28 markets, the annual grid-offset value of one installed kilowatt, sortable by value, sunlight or price
- [Value Under Constraint (interactive)](https://solaranalytica.com/value-under-constraint): WA interval-aware solar economics: representative hourly generation and household load mapped to the A1 tariff, DEBS export periods and Western Power export envelopes, with an open 8,760-row ledger
- [The Production Climate (series hub)](https://solaranalytica.com/solar-production-climate): Ten parts: heat, brightening, variability, beam and diffuse, soiling, smoke, wind, storms, the compound trajectory, and the annual state of the solar climate
- [The SWIS Capacity Benchmark Is Proposed to Go Back to a Gas Turbine](https://solaranalytica.com/wa-benchmark-technology-2026): The Coordinator of Energy's draft 2026 Benchmark Technology Review proposes an E-Class simple cycle gas turbine as the reference technology for both Peak and Flexible capacity prices, replacing the 200 MW six-hour battery. The trigger was a storage duration requirement rising from six to seven hours, and the shortlist changed because an emissions threshold assumed in 2025 was not applied. Consultation closes 7 October 2026.
- [WA Funded Panel Collection Before the National Pilot Finished Procurement](https://solaranalytica.com/wa-panel-stewardship-funding-2026): Western Australia's 2026-27 State Budget commits $17.8 million to solar panel and embedded battery recycling, announced 3 June 2026. The Commonwealth's $24.7 million recycling pilot, meant to establish the same costs nationally, had not completed procurement for an administrator as at 17 August 2026. No stewardship scheme exists at either level.
- [One Door: WA Opens the Panel That Decides Who Can Bid Household DER](https://solaranalytica.com/synergy-aggregator-panel-eoi-2026): Synergy opened expressions of interest for the first Third Party Aggregator Panel on 24 August 2026, open for four weeks. Under the Electricity System and Market Rules it is the only party permitted to submit services involving a non-contestable customer, so the panel is the precondition for anyone else reaching those services with household assets. Membership is permission to bid, not a contract.
- [One Queue, Two Bases: Reading Britain's Data Centre Connection Numbers](https://solaranalytica.com/gb-demand-connection-queue-2026): Ofgem states Britain's demand connection queue rose from 41 GW to 125 GW, with around 73 GW of the total being data centres. Its press release attributes at least 80 GW to the rise. One quantity, two published shares, two different bases, and a queue that is not a demand forecast.
- [Every Approved Battery Expires by 31 December 2027](https://solaranalytica.com/approved-battery-list-expiry-2027): The Clean Energy Council is moving its approved battery list to SA TS 5398. Reading the regulator's published file finds 2,947 of 3,526 listings on a single expiry date, 31 December 2027, and none beyond it. What expiry governs, what it does not, and the one indicator that shows the migration.
- [Reviewed Before Reauthorised: The NETCC's Two Open Files](https://solaranalytica.com/netcc-independent-review-2026): The first independent review of the New Energy Tech Consumer Code was released with ten recommendations that the announcement pages do not publish. It arrives while the Code's own ACCC authorisation is unresolved: interim authority since September 2025, a draft determination proposing conditions in May 2026, and no final determination on the register.
- [One Submission: A Synergy Pricing Disclosure Passes Almost Unremarked](https://solaranalytica.com/egrc-wholesale-arrangements-2026): Three ERA-recommended amendments to the Electricity (Standard Products) Wholesale Arrangements 2014 were gazetted on 11 August 2026, commencing 30 September. One requires Synergy to publish further detail on its standard product pricing method. The exposure draft drew a single submission.
- [Three Clocks: What Western Power Publishes About the SWIS](https://solaranalytica.com/western-power-network-record-2026): The public record of the SWIS refreshes on three clocks: capacity and opportunities at feeder level daily at 8:30am AWST, the Network Opportunity Map and Transmission System Plan annually, and 36 catalogued asset layers monthly. A forward capacity series runs per substation catchment to 2034, the mid-sized generation layer was retired in 2022, and Solar Analytica reads one annual document out of all of it.
- [Three in Five: What the Battery Inspection Rate Counts](https://solaranalytica.com/battery-install-compliance-2026): The Clean Energy Regulator rated 62.45 per cent of inspected battery systems substandard against 18.6 per cent for rooftop solar, but the unsafe rate did not move with it. What a system-level rating counts, where the flagged items sit, and a state spread running from 37.6 to 77.3 per cent.
- [Why Grid Carbon Numbers Disagree](https://solaranalytica.com/why-grid-carbon-numbers-disagree-2026): A method-first guide to production and consumption accounting, operational and lifecycle factors, imports, storage, fuel-map coverage and revisions, with the exact publication gates used by Solar Analytica.
- [Isolated Grid Lessons for the World: What the SWIS Makes Visible](https://solaranalytica.com/isolated-grid-lessons-swis-2026): What an electrically isolated system teaches about distributed-asset visibility, minimum demand, evening ramps, coordinated storage and forecast accountability without pretending every SWIS threshold is globally portable.
- [The Export Constraint Economy: Australian Solar After the Easy Kilowatt-Hour](https://solaranalytica.com/export-constraint-economy-australia-2026): A WA-led account of why distributed-solar value now depends on destination and timing: self-consumption, export, storage and curtailment, joined to current tariffs and a fixed distributed-asset baseline.
- [When Clean Energy Is Not Flexible](https://solaranalytica.com/when-clean-energy-is-not-flexible-2026): Five 2025 electricity systems show why annual wind-and-solar share, carbon intensity and usable operating flexibility are different measures that must be joined without being collapsed.
- [Australia Grid Edge Conditions: August 2026 Reference Edition](https://solaranalytica.com/australia-grid-edge-conditions-2026-08): The first fixed monthly reference edition keeps annual context, operator records, distributed adoption and market-value evidence in separate, source-versioned lanes across the NEM and SWIS.
- [WA / SWIS Distributed Energy to 2030: A Conditional Planning Range](https://solaranalytica.com/wa-swis-distributed-energy-2030): A frozen May 2026 baseline and transparent 2030 planning envelope for small-scale solar and distributed batteries in the public SWIS extent, with source lags, evidence limits and review triggers carried beside the range.
- [Australia has a rule for charging your house from your car. It stops halfway.](https://solaranalytica.com/v2x-bidirectional-charging-standards-2026): Amendment 2 to AS/NZS 4777.2 took effect in August 2025 and permits bidirectional electric vehicle charging. It settles the case where the inverter sits on the wall and leaves the case where the inverter sits inside the car unresolved, which is the case much of the industry is building toward.
- [Seven proposals to change how Western Australia sees its own rooftops](https://solaranalytica.com/wa-der-connection-consultation-2026): Energy Policy WA has seven proposals out for consultation on how distributed energy data is collected, verified and shared across the SWIS, with submissions closing 18 August 2026. On a grid where rooftop solar has met up to 80.8 per cent of daytime demand, data quality is the operating margin.
- [Ocean Warming Now Dominates El Nino in Coral Bleaching Attribution](https://solaranalytica.com/coral-bleaching-ocean-warming-attribution-2026): A 2026 Oceanography study finds that removing anthropogenic warming drops 70 of 71 recently bleached coral regions below moderate risk, while warming now outweighs a strong El Nino in 71 of 74 dual-signal regions. The observed record, modelled counterfactual and SSP3-7.0 projection remain explicitly separated.
- [Australian Solar and Storage Evidence Register, 2026](https://solaranalytica.com/australian-solar-storage-evidence-register-2026): A fixed reference edition connecting Australian product eligibility, distributed adoption, grid operation, realised storage-market capture, regulated tariffs and forecast accountability, with quality declarations and verification boundaries published beside the evidence.
- [Pacific Low-Cloud Feedback Under Warming and High CO2](https://solaranalytica.com/pacific-low-cloud-feedback-2026): A 7,083-run Caltech-Google ensemble finds positive tropical Pacific low-cloud feedback under warming and a materially stronger shortwave response in the combined +4 K and quadrupled-CO2 state. The result strengthens mechanism evidence without producing a new global climate-sensitivity estimate.
- [Grid headroom without new grid: Europe's hydro hybridisation finding](https://solaranalytica.com/european-hydro-hybridisation-2026): A July 2026 Ember analysis finds seven EU countries could connect about 25 gigawatts of new wind and solar without building any new grid, by co-locating it behind the connection points their existing hydropower plants already hold. That is roughly 18 per cent of the wind and solar those countries plan to add by 2030. The mechanism is not confined to Europe.
- [Two Denominators, One Data Centre Forecast](https://solaranalytica.com/data-centre-demand-denominators): AEMO has published one data centre forecast and two shares for it: almost 10 per cent of underlying demand by 2050, and 12 per cent of grid-supplied consumption by FY50. The gap between the bases is mostly rooftop solar, and the share worth quoting depends on what the percentage is for.
- [The Vanadium Bet: What Kalgoorlie Has Committed To](https://solaranalytica.com/kalgoorlie-vanadium-vbess): Western Australia has put up to A$150 million in grant funding behind a 50 MW / 500 MWh ten-hour vanadium flow battery for the Goldfields. The tender closed on 20 July 2026 with no proponent named, no site confirmed and no total capital cost public. Read as a case study, the procurement shows how long-duration storage is chosen: on the duty the asset must do, and on the supply chain a government can own.
- [The 2026 WEM ESOO: A Forecast Layer for the SWIS](https://solaranalytica.com/wem-esoo-2026-outlook): AEMO's ten-year SWIS planning case, kept explicitly separate from observed operations: a 347 MW forecast surplus in 2028-29, a shortfall from 2029-30, and coordinated household batteries entering the capacity model.
- [SWIS Rooftop Solar Atlas, 2026](https://solaranalytica.com/swis-rooftop-solar-atlas-2026): A reference edition for 246 local Western Australian energy markets: rooftop solar and battery adoption, household addressability, published network opportunities, and the operating record of an isolated grid. It makes one point plainly: SWIS is not one market.
- [The TBx Capture Index: Every NEM Battery Against Perfect Foresight](https://solaranalytica.com/nem-bess-capture-index): Battery offtake contracts settle on perfect-foresight spread indices, and the gap between the index and reality has been a modelled claim until now. Computed from primary AEMO data across all 60 NEM bidirectional batteries in Q1 2026: the median full-quarter asset captured 46% of its duration-matched TBx index, the index ran 2.7x to 3.8x actual fleet energy revenue in every region, and one asset beat it.
- [State of the Solar Climate, 2026](https://solaranalytica.com/solar-climate-state-2026): The annual synthesis of the whole series: nine variables, each at its latest reading. The 2026 headline is a contradiction: the climate has never been more demanding (2024 was the hottest year on record) yet solar has never been winning faster, becoming the largest single renewable at 8.7% of global electricity. Solar is scaling into exactly the climate that makes reading it correctly matter most.
- [The Compound Trajectory: What a Kilowatt Is Worth](https://solaranalytica.com/solar-compound-trajectory): The series' capstone: every climate variable joined to yield and tariff. Stacked and multiplied by the local price, they invert the map. Across the 23 priced markets, dim Berlin earns more per kilowatt than all but two, while sun-rich Riyadh ranks 21st and Cairo dead last. The tariff spread is 20 to 1; the sunlight spread is barely 2 to 1.
- [Monocrystalline Silicon to 2030: A Scenario Model for Procurement and Investment Planning](https://solaranalytica.com/monosilicon-2030-scenario-planning): Industry roadmaps disagree by wide margins on 2030's cell-technology mix, and revise themselves within a single year. A low/base/high scenario model, aggregated from ITRPV, CPIA, Exawatt and NREL, built for procurement and capex planning rather than a single confident forecast.
- [Global Residential Electricity Prices: The Demand Side of Solar Economics](https://solaranalytica.com/global-residential-electricity-prices): Residential retail electricity prices across 92 cities and 70 countries, 2016 to 2025, read as the demand side of solar economics. A panel is worth its yield multiplied by the local price, so a subsidised tariff can outweigh strong sun: Cairo out-yields Berlin on sunlight yet returns roughly one-eleventh the annual value per kilowatt.
- [Storms and Extremes: The Risk That Is Not About Yield](https://solaranalytica.com/solar-storm-survival): This part prices whether a system survives, not how much it produces. Across 40 markets, hail, the peril that breaks PV glass, seriously threatens only Johannesburg and Sydney; extreme wind governs 13 markets, flood 11, and five face no material hazard at all. The mount spec and the insurance reserve, not the annual kilowatt-hours, are where these storms are felt.
- [Wind: The Free Coolant That Refunds Part of the Heat Penalty](https://solaranalytica.com/solar-wind-cooling): Wind hands back part of the heat penalty by scrubbing heat off the glass. Across 40 markets mean wind runs from a dead-still 1.8 m/s in Bogota to 6.3 in Cape Town, and because it barely tracks temperature (r = -0.09), it decides which hot markets get relief. Worth 3.6% to 6.9% of output versus still air, and the humid tropics, hot and windless at once, get none.
- [Smoke: The Solar Yield Risk the Industry Has Not Priced](https://solaranalytica.com/wildfire-smoke-solar): Eighteen measured market-events from grid operators, fleets and peer-reviewed studies: 27% off Sydney's rooftops in a day, 13.4% off California's worst fortnight, 9.5% across Black Summer's two months. Smoke is a recurring seasonal yield factor in exactly three regions, and a forecasting problem, not a resource problem, everywhere else.
- [Rain, Dust and Soiling: The Cleaning Your Climate Does For Free](https://solaranalytica.com/solar-soiling): The energy a dirty panel loses spans more than an order of magnitude across 40 markets: 1.5% a year in rain-washed Berlin, 5% in Perth, a 20% lower bound in the Gulf. The deciding variable is not how much dust falls but how often rain above a few millimetres follows it, and 17 markets carry honest blanks where no credible study exists.
- [Beam and Diffuse: Two Kinds of Light, and Where a Tracker Pays](https://solaranalytica.com/solar-beam-diffuse): Total sunlight tells you how much energy arrives, not what kind. Every kilowatt-hour is part sharp beam and part scattered diffuse light, and the ratio, not the total, decides whether a tracker or a bifacial module earns its price. The diffuse share runs from 19% on the Atacama plateau to 63% in Reykjavik: read that number before quoting a tracker.
- [The Variable Years: Why Output Swings, and What P90 Really Means](https://solaranalytica.com/solar-variable-years): No year delivers the quoted yield. Twenty-one years of NASA and NOAA driver data show why: El Nino and La Nina redistribute cloud across hemispheres, pushing the ocean index to a record +2.75 in 2015-16. Interannual irradiance variability runs from 2.5% in deserts to 8% in the monsoon, which is exactly what the P90 figure on a proposal is protecting you from.
- [Brightening and Dimming: The Sky Is Not a Constant](https://solaranalytica.com/solar-brightening-dimming): Two independent NASA instruments across 40 markets: 26 skies brightened over two decades and 14 dimmed, from Berlin at +6.8% to Jodhpur at -6.1%, with the instruments agreeing on direction in 29 of 40. Every percent of sky moves output almost one for one, so the trend can dwarf the warming penalty: Berlin's brightening is roughly eight times its modelled heat drift.
- [The Heat Penalty: What Warming Does, and Does Not Do, to Solar Yield](https://solaranalytica.com/solar-heat-penalty): Panels are rated at 25°C but run at a modelled 53°C in the average market, giving up 9.8% of nameplate to heat before climate change is counted. Twenty years of NASA record put the additional 25-year warming penalty at a third of a percent on average: the heat tax is large, the drift is a decimal, and the module choice is worth several times more.
- [Global Behind-the-Meter Storage: The 2025 Data](https://solaranalytica.com/global-behind-the-meter-storage-2025): Global energy storage additions broke 100 GW for the first time, battery pack prices hit a record low, and Australia's Cheaper Home Batteries Program moved 400,000 systems in under a year. What the 2025 data says about where residential storage is heading.
- [The Lithium-Ion Residential Battery Decade: A Technology & Safety Classification](https://solaranalytica.com/lithium-ion-residential-battery-decade): Fifteen years of chemistry selection, safety certification and battery-management evolution, read as a classification framework for specifying and evaluating residential storage today: which chemistry, which certification stack, which BMS generation.

## Signals and data access
- [Australia Operating Record](https://solaranalytica.com/markets/australia): Observed demand, price, ramping and rooftop-solar records across the SWIS and four NEM regions. Each view retains its source, date and calculation; unavailable measures stay explicit.
- [Signals](https://solaranalytica.com/signals): Timestamped material data releases, research updates and methodology changes, each with the release, source and decision implication
- [Data catalogue](https://solaranalytica.com/data): The versioned solar, climate and market data pillars behind the research
- [Data catalogue JSON](https://solaranalytica.com/data/catalog.json): Machine-readable data-product catalogue and source boundaries
- [Ask the Data](https://solaranalytica.com/data/query): A narrow route finder for declared market comparisons, source inspection, named conditions and decision frames; it does not generate analysis
- [Market Context](https://solaranalytica.com/data/market-context): Declared joins between canonical market records, entities, decision frames and primary grid sources
- [Coverage Ledger](https://solaranalytica.com/data/coverage): Declared geographic, temporal, evidence and update coverage, with material gaps retained
- [Coverage Closure Queue](https://solaranalytica.com/data/coverage/queue): Declared gaps translated into receipt-bound monthly acquisition tasks
- [Data Trust Register](https://solaranalytica.com/data-trust): Public quality declarations, verification receipts, correction status, DCAT 3 catalogue metadata and citation records
- [Data Trust DCAT catalogue](https://solaranalytica.com/data-trust/catalog.jsonld): DCAT 3 JSON-LD with provenance, freshness, confidence and verification metadata
- [Evidence Operations](https://solaranalytica.com/evidence): Freshness exceptions, retained revisions, declared coverage and defined decision briefs in one public operational record
- [Decision Briefs](https://solaranalytica.com/decision-briefs): Defined market questions with evidence readiness and a clear open-versus-protected delivery boundary
- [Decision Pilot](https://solaranalytica.com/decision-pilot): Scoped, human-reviewed path for dated professional evidence delivery without restricting the public record
- [Corrections Ledger](https://solaranalytica.com/data-trust/corrections): Published correction records, response state and a private evidence-review pathway
- [Claim Evidence Graph](https://solaranalytica.com/data-trust/evidence-graph): A public claim-first trace from statement to source, method, dependencies and accountability state
- [Revision Impact](https://solaranalytica.com/data-trust/revisions): Source, method, coverage and correction changes kept distinct; outcome claims require exact evidence
- [Trust Review](https://solaranalytica.com/data-trust/red-team): Read-only review gate for source vintage, evidence URL, scope, basis, precision support and limits; findings are not truth verdicts
- [Research Packs](https://solaranalytica.com/research-packs): Dated citation-ready research manifests that preserve source receipts and stated limitations
- [Pilot Operations](https://solaranalytica.com/decision-pilot/operations): Human-controlled intake, evidence, delivery and renewal states for scoped decision pilots
- [Trust Register editions](https://solaranalytica.com/data-trust/releases): Fixed monthly editions of dataset status, release receipts and open corrections
- [Validation Sprints](https://solaranalytica.com/data-trust/validation): Fixed monthly publication, decision-readiness, grid-reconciliation, model and cross-surface checks, with unresolved findings retained
- [External Assurance Register](https://solaranalytica.com/data-trust/assurance): Fixed review scope, reviewer packet, findings, responses and correction state; an open round never implies a completed review or endorsement
- [Projective Layers](https://solaranalytica.com/projective-layers): Measured baselines, published outlooks, conditional scenario ranges, review triggers and later outcomes, with JSON at /projective-layers/data.json
- [Forecast Accountability](https://solaranalytica.com/forecast-accountability): Frozen publisher forecast editions kept beside later authoritative outcomes; absent outcomes stay visibly absent
- [Transition Delivery Ledger](https://solaranalytica.com/transition-delivery): Versioned forecast, permission, delivery, operation and revision records, with CSV and JSON exports
- [Transition Delivery Monthly](https://solaranalytica.com/transition-delivery/monthly): Dated monthly reading of material movements between transition evidence stages
- [Decision Evidence Packs](https://solaranalytica.com/data-access/decision-evidence-packs): Entitled, server-authorised exports carrying a decision snapshot, source vintages, verification receipts and correction state
- [Temporal Value Intelligence](https://solaranalytica.com/data-access/value-under-constraint): Measured interval, exact tariff and export-envelope analysis for defined sites and portfolios
- [Solar Intelligence Workspace](https://solaranalytica.com/intelligence): Interactive solar scenario, grid comparison, SWIS Day Explorer, local watch state and printable working brief
- [Grid Mix Monitor](https://solaranalytica.com/grid-mix): Compare 2025 annual generation mix, renewable share, solar share and carbon intensity across selected national electricity systems
- [Global Solar Performance Memory](https://solaranalytica.com/global-solar-memory): Append-only global source observations and revisions with published-then, observed-then and corrected-now lenses; unavailable states remain explicit until manual promotion
- [SA TS 5398 Transition Index](https://solaranalytica.com/ts5398-transition): Monthly approved battery-list transition readings around the 31 December 2027 cliff, with CSV and JSON exports and the inverter list labelled as comparison context only
- [Australian Export Constraint Regimes](https://solaranalytica.com/export-constraints): Exact connection-class fixed, flexible and dynamic export rules with ceilings, fallback conditions and monitored primary-source status
- [Two-Way Network Performance](https://solaranalytica.com/two-way-network-performance): A fixed AER export-services edition with network-level customer, export-volume and full-access measures; zeros and missing submissions remain distinct
- [Constraint-to-Consequence Ledger](https://solaranalytica.com/constraint-consequence-ledger): Receipt-gated NEM constraint facts and consequence links, each carrying an explicit evidence class
- [Export Flexibility Dividend](https://solaranalytica.com/export-flexibility-dividend): WA-only interval model comparing Western Power's published 1.5 kW fallback and 5 kW ceiling for one exact connection class, with JSON, CSV and schema exports
- [Observed Validation Protocol](https://solaranalytica.com/export-flexibility-dividend/validation): Consent, privacy and human-review boundary for measured cohort validation of the export flexibility model
- [Grid Source Resilience](https://solaranalytica.com/data/grid-sources/resilience): Recorded serving modes, retained source receipts and recovery gates for grid operations
- [DER Adoption & Reconciliation](https://solaranalytica.com/der-adoption-ledger): AEMO submitted stock and CER certificate-approved additions kept separate and reconciled only on compatible geography, time, technology and unit bases
- [Revenue Shape Monitor](https://solaranalytica.com/revenue-shape): Historical NEM TB1, TB2 and TB4 annual regimes, project capture ranges, merchant-risk concentration, SWIS flexibility pressure and global Ember transition signals
- [SWIS Observatory](https://solaranalytica.com/swis): Western Australia’s isolated-grid transition: rooftop solar, operational demand and system-security research frame
- [SWIS Daily Operating Record](https://solaranalytica.com/swis/operating-record): AEMO WEM daily operational-demand, rooftop-PV and facility-SCADA technology record for the SWIS
- [SWIS Stress Days](https://solaranalytica.com/swis/stress-days): Ranked minimum-demand, rooftop-PV and evening-ramp events from the AEMO WEM operating record
- [SWIS Operating Archetypes](https://solaranalytica.com/swis/archetypes): Transparent classification of recurring SWIS solar-surge, low-demand, evening-ramp and balanced operating states
- [Australia Grid Transition](https://solaranalytica.com/grid-mix/australia): Monthly electricity-mix transition from 2016 with NASA POWER solar-resource context at Canberra
- [Brazil Grid Transition](https://solaranalytica.com/grid-mix/brazil): Monthly electricity-mix transition from 2016 with NASA POWER solar-resource context at Brasilia
- [Denmark Grid Transition](https://solaranalytica.com/grid-mix/denmark): Monthly electricity-mix transition from 2016 with NASA POWER solar-resource context at Copenhagen
- [Germany Grid Transition](https://solaranalytica.com/grid-mix/germany): Monthly electricity-mix transition from 2016 with NASA POWER solar-resource context at Berlin
- [Spain Grid Transition](https://solaranalytica.com/grid-mix/spain): Monthly electricity-mix transition from 2016 with NASA POWER solar-resource context at Madrid
- [India Grid Transition](https://solaranalytica.com/grid-mix/india): Monthly electricity-mix transition from 2016 with NASA POWER solar-resource context at New Delhi
- [Japan Grid Transition](https://solaranalytica.com/grid-mix/japan): Monthly electricity-mix transition from 2016 with NASA POWER solar-resource context at Tokyo
- [South Africa Grid Transition](https://solaranalytica.com/grid-mix/south-africa): Monthly electricity-mix transition from 2016 with NASA POWER solar-resource context at Pretoria
- [United Kingdom Grid Transition](https://solaranalytica.com/grid-mix/united-kingdom): Monthly electricity-mix transition from 2016 with NASA POWER solar-resource context at London
- [United States Grid Transition](https://solaranalytica.com/grid-mix/united-states): Monthly electricity-mix transition from 2016 with NASA POWER solar-resource context at Washington, DC
- [Data access](https://solaranalytica.com/data-access): Research releases, data extracts and design-partner access for professional decision teams
- [Research access brief](https://solaranalytica.com/data-access/brief): Structured design-partner brief for a market-data decision, delivery need and release cadence
- [TBx Explorer](https://solaranalytica.com/market-structures/tbx): Filterable Q1 2026 NEM battery capture ledger with region, duration and commissioning context

## The network
- [Ecosystem](https://solaranalytica.com/ecosystem): One instrument, three altitudes: solar_analytica (market), review.solar (product), wattbench (applied), bridged by askwatt.ai, an AI that answers energy questions with every figure sourced, live now on review.solar and extending to the other two
- [Methodology & Standards](https://solaranalytica.com/methodology): The data-research standards: public sources named per figure, blanks over guesses, verified before publishing
- [Australian Solar and Storage Evidence Register, 2026](https://solaranalytica.com/australian-solar-storage-evidence-register-2026): A fixed reference edition connecting product eligibility, adoption, grid operation, market capture, tariffs and forecast accountability

## Fault Libraries
Documented inverter and battery error/alarm codes by manufacturer.
- [Huawei Inverter Error Codes](https://solaranalytica.com/huawei-inverter-error-codes): Major and minor alarm codes for Huawei SUN2000 residential and commercial inverters, with plain-English causes and field-tested fixes.
- [Sungrow Alarm Codes](https://solaranalytica.com/sungrow-alarm-codes): The complete Sungrow fault reference, covering the string, SH hybrid and battery families, with every alarm number searchable and grouped by root cause.
- [Solis Alarm Codes](https://solaranalytica.com/solis-alarm-codes): Solis (Ginlong) inverter alarm codes covering grid, insulation, temperature and hardware faults, with diagnostic next steps.
- [Growatt Error Codes](https://solaranalytica.com/growatt-error-codes): Growatt's dual numbered-and-named error scheme decoded: what each Error and Warning means, and whether it needs an installer.
- [GoodWe Error Codes](https://solaranalytica.com/goodwe-error-codes): GoodWe inverter error codes for grid, isolation, temperature and internal faults, with clear guidance on self-recovery versus service.
- [Fronius Error Codes](https://solaranalytica.com/fronius-error-codes): Common Fronius State codes, including the Australian Volt-Watt and Volt-VAr grid-protection states, explained for owners and installers.
- [SMA Error Codes](https://solaranalytica.com/sma-error-codes): Frequent SMA Sunny Boy and Tripower event codes, what triggers them, and the difference between a momentary grid event and a real fault.
- [Enphase Microinverter Error Codes](https://solaranalytica.com/enphase-microinverter-error-codes): Plain-English guide to the events Enphase IQ microinverters report in the app, across grid, DC, temperature and reporting, and what each one means.
- [SolaX Inverter Error Codes](https://solaranalytica.com/solax-inverter-error-codes): Common SolaX string and hybrid inverter fault codes explained, with likely causes and what to check.
- [Deye Inverter Fault Codes](https://solaranalytica.com/deye-inverter-fault-codes): Common Deye string and hybrid inverter fault codes decoded, with plain-English causes and fixes.
- [Tesla Powerwall Alert Codes](https://solaranalytica.com/tesla-powerwall-alert-codes): What Tesla Powerwall's app alerts mean, from Breaker Open to Storm Watch, explained in plain English.
- [Sigenergy SigenStor Fault Codes](https://solaranalytica.com/sigenergy-sigenstor-fault-codes): Common SigenStor alarms (the 1000-series inverter codes) explained, with what each points to and what to check.
- [FoxESS Inverter Error Codes](https://solaranalytica.com/foxess-inverter-error-codes): FoxESS hybrid (H1/AC1) named alarms and R-series numeric fault codes in plain English: what each means and what to check.
- [Sofar Inverter Error Codes](https://solaranalytica.com/sofar-inverter-error-codes): Sofar Solar inverter ID fault codes (the ID01–ID107 range) decoded, with documented causes, fixes and a note on model-specific numbering.
- [Hoymiles Microinverter Error Codes](https://solaranalytica.com/hoymiles-microinverter-error-codes): Hoymiles microinverter alarm and event codes across grid, protection and DTU faults, explained, with what each points to and what to check.

## Explainers
Plain-English guides to the technology behind solar systems.
- [HJT Solar Technology, Explained](https://solaranalytica.com/hjt-solar-technology): How heterojunction cells fuse crystalline and thin-film silicon to push efficiency higher, and what that means for real-world yield.
- [Solar Cell Busbars & Multi-Busbar Design](https://solaranalytica.com/solar-cell-busbars): Why busbar count keeps rising, from 5BB to MBB and beyond, and how finer conductors cut resistive loss and improve reliability.
- [AC vs DC Solar Panels](https://solaranalytica.com/ac-vs-dc-solar-panels): String inverters, microinverters and DC optimisers compared: where the conversion happens and which architecture fits your roof.
- [Solar Panel Orientation & Tilt](https://solaranalytica.com/solar-panel-orientation): How azimuth and tilt shape annual yield and self-consumption, and why the textbook-optimal angle is rarely the smartest one.
- [How to Read a Solar Panel Datasheet](https://solaranalytica.com/reading-a-solar-datasheet): Decode STC vs NOCT, temperature coefficients, tolerance and degradation so you can compare modules on the numbers that matter.
- [TOPCon Solar Cells, Explained](https://solaranalytica.com/topcon-solar-cells): What TOPCon (Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact) cells are, how the passivating contact works, and how they compare with PERC and HJT on efficiency, temperature, bifaciality, degradation and cost.
- [Bifacial Solar Panels, Explained](https://solaranalytica.com/bifacial-solar-panels): How bifacial modules capture rear-side light, what bifaciality factor and albedo mean, and why ground-mount arrays gain far more than typical rooftops.
- [LFP vs NMC: Home Battery Chemistry](https://solaranalytica.com/lfp-vs-nmc-home-batteries): A plain-English, manufacturer-neutral comparison of LFP and NMC lithium battery chemistries for home storage, covering energy density, cycle life, safety, temperature behaviour, cost, and why most new home batteries now use LFP.
- [Solar Export Limiting, Explained](https://solaranalytica.com/solar-export-limiting): What export limits are, why Australian networks apply them, the move from fixed and zero limits to dynamic exports, and how it all shapes system sizing and self-consumption.
- [Virtual Power Plants (VPP), Explained](https://solaranalytica.com/virtual-power-plants): What a virtual power plant is, how aggregated home batteries earn money providing grid services, and the real trade-offs for owners, in plain Australian English.
- [Microinverters vs String Inverters](https://solaranalytica.com/microinverters-vs-string-inverters): How microinverters and string inverters differ on shade tolerance, monitoring, redundancy, cost and roof complexity, and which suits your site.

## Reference
- [Field Guides hub](https://solaranalytica.com/field-guides): All fault libraries and explainers
- [Glossary](https://solaranalytica.com/glossary): Solar terms, defined
- [About](https://solaranalytica.com/about): Who we are · est. 2021
- [Contact](https://solaranalytica.com/contact): Data licensing, media, methodology and partnerships
- [Search](https://solaranalytica.com/search): Search the full library

## Optional
- [Full content](https://solaranalytica.com/llms-full.txt): Every explainer, fault code, glossary term and tool, inlined as plain text
- [Reports data (JSON)](https://solaranalytica.com/reports.json): Structured data for every report: lead, stats, takeaways, sources, figure series and download links
- [Per-report figure data](https://solaranalytica.com/reports.json): Each charted report's figure rows download at /reports/<slug>/data.csv (tidy CSV) and /reports/<slug>/data.json (with sources); links in the reports.json feed
- [TBx index reference script](https://solaranalytica.com/reproduce/nem-tbx-index.mjs): Zero-dependency Node script that recomputes the quarterly TBx index from AEMO public price CSVs and prints each value beside the published figure
- [Forecast Ledger](https://solaranalytica.com/forecast-ledger): Dated, sourced claims about solar's future: roadmap projections, program targets and Solar Analytica's own scenario endpoints, marked overtaken/held/pending as data arrives; JSON at /forecast-ledger.json
- [Claims register](https://solaranalytica.com/claims): Every load-bearing published figure as an addressable record: value, source chain, verification date and revision history; JSON at /claims.json
- [Change feed (JSON)](https://solaranalytica.com/changes.json): One append-only record of what the site has changed: publications, claim revisions and forecast markings, with pointers to the live corrections and status feeds
- [Fault code data (JSON)](https://solaranalytica.com/fault-codes.json): Open data: every documented fault code, free with attribution
- [RSS feed](https://solaranalytica.com/feed.xml): New signals, reports, guides and tools
- [Sitemap](https://solaranalytica.com/sitemap.xml): XML index of every page
- [AI usage policy](https://solaranalytica.com/ai.txt): How AI assistants may use this content
- [review.solar](https://solaranalytica.comhttps://review.solar): Sister site: product scorecards for panels, batteries and inverters